MLOps

With expertise in MLOps, you become the reason ML models actually work in the real world instead of dying quietly in a Jupyter notebook. You build the infrastructure, automation, and monitoring that keeps the entire machine learning lifecycle running smoothly from training to production.

What You'll Actually Be Doing

As the MLOps go-to person, picture this: it's 10am and you're setting up automated model retraining pipelines, then debugging why last night's training job failed (someone's feature store went down), followed by implementing model monitoring dashboards because no one noticed the recommendation model started suggesting cat food to everyone, including people without pets.
  • Build and maintain ML infrastructure including training and serving platforms
  • Automate the ML lifecycle from data ingestion to model deployment
  • Set up CI/CD pipelines specifically for machine learning workflows
  • Implement model monitoring, alerting, and performance tracking systems
  • Manage feature stores and model registries for reproducibility
  • Optimize GPU infrastructure and compute costs for model training

Core Skill Groups

Building MLOps competency requires Python, containerization (Docker/Kubernetes), cloud platforms, and CI/CD expertise to deploy ML at scale

Programming & ML Frameworks

FOUNDATION
Python, PyTorch, TensorFlow, scikit-learn
Python appears in ~70-75% of MLOps Engineer postings across all levels and entry level. PyTorch appears in ~15% overall and ~20% at entry level. TensorFlow appears in ~15% overall and ~20-25% at entry level. scikit-learn appears in ~5%. Understanding ML frameworks is essential for MLOps engineers to effectively deploy and optimize models. Entry-level roles show higher ML framework emphasis.

Containerization & Orchestration

ESSENTIAL
Docker, Kubernetes, Helm
Docker appears in ~25-30% of MLOps Engineer postings overall and ~20% at entry level. Kubernetes appears in ~25% overall and ~15-20% at entry level. Combined container technology mentions exceed 35%. These are core infrastructure skills for deploying ML models at scale. Entry-level roles show slightly lower Kubernetes emphasis, suggesting it's learned on the job.

Cloud Platforms

ESSENTIAL
AWS, GCP, Azure, Cloud ML services
AWS appears in ~25-30% of MLOps Engineer postings across all levels and entry level. GCP appears in ~15%. Azure services appear in ~5%. Combined cloud platform experience is mentioned in >40% of postings, making cloud expertise essential for modern MLOps. AWS dominates but GCP has strong presence in ML-focused companies.

CI/CD & Version Control

ESSENTIAL
Git, Jenkins, GitLab, GitHub Actions, CI/CD pipelines
Git appears in ~10% of postings. Jenkins appears in ~5% overall and entry level. GitLab and GitHub Actions each appear in <5%. Combined CI/CD and version control mentions reach ~15-20%. These DevOps fundamentals are critical for automated ML deployment pipelines. Explicit mentions understate importance—these are core MLOps practices.

Infrastructure as Code

DIFFERENTIATOR
Terraform, CloudFormation, Ansible
Terraform appears in <5% of MLOps Engineer postings. CloudFormation appears in <5%. Ansible appears in <5%. Combined IaC tool mentions reach ~5-10%. Infrastructure as code expertise sets strong MLOps engineers apart by enabling reproducible, scalable infrastructure deployment. This skill accelerates senior career progression.

ML Workflow & Experiment Tracking

DIFFERENTIATOR
MLflow, Kubeflow, Weights & Biases, DVC
MLflow appears in ~10% of postings overall and ~5% at entry level. Kubeflow appears in ~5% overall and <5% at entry level. Weights & Biases appears in <5%. Combined ML workflow tool mentions reach ~15%. These specialized MLOps platforms differentiate strong candidates who understand ML-specific DevOps challenges beyond general software deployment.

Monitoring & Observability

COMPLEMENTARY
Prometheus, Grafana, CloudWatch, Datadog
Prometheus and Grafana each appear in <5% of MLOps postings. CloudWatch appears in <5%. Datadog appears in <5%. Combined monitoring tool mentions reach ~5-10%. Observability skills complement deployment expertise by ensuring ML systems remain healthy in production. These tools round out the MLOps toolkit.

Big Data & Streaming

COMPLEMENTARY
Kafka, Airflow, Spark, Hadoop
Kafka appears in <5% of MLOps postings. Airflow appears in ~5%. Spark and Hadoop each appear in <5%. Combined big data technology mentions reach ~10%. These skills complement MLOps for roles involving real-time ML inference or large-scale data processing, though not universal requirements.

Model Serving & API Development

ADVANCED
TensorFlow Serving, FastAPI, Flask, REST APIs, gRPC
Model serving frameworks and API tools appear in <5% of postings individually. Combined API and serving technology mentions reach ~5-10%. These represent advanced production deployment skills for exposing models as services, typically expected at senior levels rather than entry-level.

Skills Insights

1. MLOps = DevOps + ML

  • Docker ~30%, Kubernetes ~25%
  • Python >70% but engineering matters
  • Build pipelines, not just models
Strong DevOps + basic ML > opposite.

2. MLflow Dominates Tracking

  • MLflow clear platform leader
  • Weights & Biases alternative
  • Versioning non-negotiable
Not tracking? Not doing MLOps.

3. LLM/GenAI Fastest Growth

  • LLMs ~30% entry ratio
  • Lower barriers than traditional
  • Vector databases essential
Learn LLMOps. Beat the seniors.

4. Monitoring Undervalued

  • Grafana/Prometheus <10% requirements
  • But critical for production
  • Early learning differentiates
Everyone deploys. Few monitor properly.

Related Roles & Career Pivots

Complementary Roles

MLOps + Machine Learning Engineering
Together, you own the complete ML lifecycle from development to production
MLOps + DevOps
Together, you build ML infrastructure with robust automation
MLOps + Platform Engineering
Together, you build self-service ML platforms for entire organizations
MLOps + LLM/AI Application Development
Together, you deploy LLM applications with production-grade infrastructure
MLOps + Cloud Services Architecture
Together, you optimize ML infrastructure using cloud services cost-effectively
MLOps + Data Engineering
Together, you build end-to-end ML pipelines from data to deployment
MLOps + Data Science
Together, you build ML platforms that truly serve scientist workflows

Career Strategy: What to Prioritize

🛡️

Safe Bets

Core skills that ensure job security:

  • Python for ML workflows
  • Docker and Kubernetes for ML deployment
  • MLflow or similar ML platforms
  • Cloud ML services (AWS SageMaker, GCP Vertex AI)
  • CI/CD for ML pipelines
MLOps = ML knowledge + DevOps practices. Need both to succeed.
🚀

Future Proofing

Emerging trends that will matter in 2-3 years:

  • LLM operations and fine-tuning pipelines
  • Feature stores (Feast, Tecton)
  • Model versioning and governance
  • ML observability platforms
  • AutoML pipeline automation
MLOps is expanding to LLMOps - add vector databases and prompt management to your skillset
💎

Hidden Value & Differentiation

Undervalued skills that set you apart:

  • Model serving optimization (latency, throughput)
  • A/B testing infrastructure for models
  • Cost optimization for ML workloads
  • Data versioning (DVC)
  • Experiment tracking and reproducibility
MLflow appears in <10% of entry-level roles but is industry standard - learn it proactively for immediate impact

What Separates Good from Great Engineers

Technical differentiators:

  • ML pipeline orchestration and experiment tracking
  • Model versioning, deployment, and rollback strategies
  • Feature store design and serving infrastructure
  • Understanding ML-specific monitoring (data drift, model drift, performance degradation)

Career differentiators:

  • Building platforms that make ML engineers more productive
  • Creating observability for ML systems that non-ML engineers understand
  • Designing experiment workflows that enable rapid iteration
  • Teaching best practices that bridge ML and software engineering
Your value isn't in knowing MLflow—it's in building infrastructure that makes ML development feel like software development. Great MLOps engineers bring DevOps discipline to ML, making model deployment reliable and repeatable.